Excitatory neurotransmitter - Glutamate thiab lub hlwb noj qab haus huv
Hais txog glutamate
Glutamateyog ib tug multifunctional amino acid uas nyob rau ntawm txoj kev sib tshuam ntawm ntau txoj kev metabolic. Nws tsis yog tsuas yog koom nrog hauv kev zom zaub mov thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob, tab sis kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau lub hlwb kev noj qab haus huv.
Glutamate yog cov amino acid ntau tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub hlwb thiab lub ntsiab excitatory neurotransmitter nyob rau hauv lub hlwb. Nws pab peb hais lus, ua cov ntaub ntawv, xav, tawm dag zog, kawm yam tshiab, khaws cov kev paub tshiab, thiab mloog zoo rau kev kawm.
Kev kawm thiab kev nco yog kev ua haujlwm siab heev ntawm lub hlwb thiab cov txheej txheem physiological nyuaj heev. Nws lub hauv paus neurobiological yog synaptic plasticity. Synaptic kis tau los ntawm glutamate thiab nws cov receptors.
Glutamate kuj yog ib qho precursor ntawm -aminobutyric acid (GABA), uas yog ib tug ubiquitous inhibitory neurotransmitter nyob rau hauv lub hlwb. Qhov sib npaug ntawm ob qho tseem ceeb heev rau peb lub hlwb noj qab haus huv.
Nws tau ntev tau paub tias glutamate muaj dav nyob rau hauv tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg thiab zaub mov, nrog rau hauv cov kua mis, qhia txog nws qhov tseem ceeb rau lub hlwb thiab lub cev kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg loj hlob; tab sis nws tsis yog txog thaum xyoo 1980 uas lub luag haujlwm ntawm glutamate nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus paj hlwb (CNS) thiab lub hlwb raug lees paub. Hauv 30 xyoo dhau los, kev tshawb fawb ntau ntxiv tau nthuav tawm tias glutamate thiab nws cov receptors ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv etiology ntawm cov kab mob neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's, ALS, MS, qaug dab peg, Parkinson's, thiab lwm yam) thiab cov kab mob hauv plab xws li Crohn's disease ( CD) thiab ulcerative colitis (UC).
Nyob ntawm thaj chaw, cov ntaub so ntswg hlwb muaj 5-15 mmol glutamate ib kilogram, ntau dua li lwm cov amino acid. Yog li ntawd, glutamate yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub sijhawm thiab nyob rau hauv txoj cai concentration.
Cells yuav tsum muaj txoj cai rhiab heev rau glutamate thiab txaus lub zog los tiv thaiv ib txwm stimulation, thiab yuav tsum tshem tawm glutamate los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm tus nqi. Glutamate ntau dhau thiab glutamate tsawg dhau yog qhov teeb meem.
Schematic daim duab ntawm kev faib cov glutamate transporters nyob ib ncig ntawm synapses nyob ze cov hlab ntsha hauv hippocampus
Plaub glutamatergic paj hlwb xaus (T) tau pom ua cov synapses ntawm dendritic spines (S). Astrocyte ceg (G) tau qhia. Nco ntsoov qhov ceev heev ntawm EAAT2 (liab dots) thiab EAAT1 (xiav dots) ntawm astrocytes.
Raws li kev lag luam thiab tib neeg saj hloov zuj zus mus, ntau thiab ntau dua glutamate derivatives tau ntxiv rau ntau yam khoom noj los qhia txog "umami" saj. Kev nkag siab Umami tau faib thoob plaws ntau lub cev receptor hauv tib neeg lub qhov ncauj thiab plab hnyuv, uas ua rau ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub hlwb koom nrog ntau lub zog, los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov zaub mov mus rau kev tsim cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev xav cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom noj tshwj xeeb, uas cuam tshuam kev qab los noj mov thiab kev xav.
Cov zaub mov ua tiav yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm glutamate dawb.
Cov zaub mov twg muaj glutamate?
Cov khoom noj uas muaj glutamate feem ntau yog (tab sis tsis tas li) muaj protein ntau thiab suav nrog:
Nqaij, nqaij qaib, cheese, qe, nceb, kua ntses, txiv lws suav, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, ntses ntses, broccoli, peas, walnuts, pob txha broth ...
Glutamateyog ib qho ntawm 20 hom alpha amino acids uas tsim cov proteins. Raws li ib tug precursor ntawm glutamine, proline thiab arginine. Nws muab faib ua peb hom: L-lub cev, D-lub cev thiab lub cev racemic. L-lub cev yog L-glutamic acid. L-glutamic acid yog encoded amino acid nyob rau hauv protein synthesis. Nws yog ib qho tsis tseem ceeb amino acid hauv cov tsiaj thiab tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov piam thaj hauv lub cev. hloov. L-Glutamic acid muaj ntau yam kev siv. Raws li ib qho tshuaj, nws tuaj yeem kho tus mob hepatic coma. Nws tseem tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov monosodium glutamate (sodium glutamate), khoom noj khoom haus ntxiv, txuj lom thiab kev tshawb fawb biochemical.
1. Kev lag luam zaub mov;
L-glutamate acid yog ib qho ntawm cov amino acids tseem ceeb ntawm nitrogen metabolism hauv cov kab mob muaj sia thiab tseem ceeb heev hauv cov metabolism. L-glutamic acid yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov protein, thiab glutamate yog ubiquitous nyob rau hauv cov xwm.
2. Cov khoom siv niaj hnub;
L-glutamate acid yog lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws tsim cov amino acids thiab yuav siv tau raws li ib tug nutraceutical rau daim tawv nqaij thiab plaub hau.
3. tuaj yeem siv los ua kev hloov kho rau xab npum;
L-glutamate acid yog cov khoom xyaw ntuj tsim tawm los ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev siv tshuab bio-enzyme engineering tshaj plaws.
4. Kev lag luam kws tshuaj.
L-glutamate acid kuj tseem siv tau rau hauv cov tshuaj vim tias glutamate yog ib qho ntawm cov amino acids uas tsim cov protein.